Ngā Totohu Kīhini Arumoni: Ngā Pātai Auau

Ngā totohu kīhini arumonime hanga ki ngā rauemi pakari, kia tika te rahi, kia tika te whakatakotoranga, kia tika te tiaki, ā, me whakatau wawe i ngā turuturu me ngā haunga kia pai ai te whai huatanga me te akuaku.

Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o ngā Totohu Kīhini Arumoni

I roto i te kīhini arumoni, he tino pai te totohu—he rerekē rawa atu i tō totohu kīhini kāinga noa. Whakaarohia tēnei: ​​he wharekai pukumahi kei reira te totohu e mahi tonu ana i ngā rihi paru me ngā mahi horoi taumaha. Koia te take i hangaia ai ngā totohu kīhini arumoni kia pakari ake, kia nui ake, kia mātau ake hoki i runga i ngā rauemi, te rahi, me te mahi.

Nā, he aha te mea e wehewehe ai te totohu kowiri tira arumoni i te totohu kāinga? Ko te roa me te whai hua te mea nui. Ko te nuinga o ēnei totohu he mea hanga ki te kowiri tira 304, 316 rānei—he mea tino pai hei whawhai i te waikura, hei ārai hoki i ngā huakita. Ko ngā totohu kāinga, he pai ake te ātaahua, me te kore e aro nui ki ngā rauemi pakari. He nui ake, he hohonu ake hoki ngā totohu arumoni nā te mea he mahi noa iho te horoi i ngā puranga rihi me ngā kohua i te tari i roto i te wharekai.

Anei tētahi whakarāpopototanga o ngā momo totohu e tika ana mō te kīhini arumoni:

• Totohu Wāhanga KotahiHe tino pai mō ngā hononga iti, mō ngā mahi motuhake rānei pēnei i te whakarite huawhenua, ngā kai rānei.
• Totohu Wāhanga TakiruaKo te hoa pai o tētahi wharekai rahi-waenga—ko tētahi taha mō te horoi, ko tētahi mō te horoi.
• Totohu Wāhanga ToruKo te paerewa koura mō ngā kīhini nui—horoi, horoia, me te hanga paru i roto i te rere maeneene.
• Totohu MopaHe mea hanga mō te horoi i ngā mopa me ngā taputapu horoi kia noho ma tonu te wāhi.
• Totohu RingaringaMe horoi tonu ngā ringa o ngā kaimahi i te wā e tika ana, kia tutuki ai ngā ture hauora.

He mea nui anō hoki te rahi me te hohonu—tirohia ēnei whakaritenga paerewa:

• Totohu Wāhanga Kotahi45-60 henimita te whānui, 25-30 henimita te hōhonu.
• Totohu Wāhanga Takirua40-50 cm te whānui mō ia wāhanga, 90-120 cm te whānui katoa, tata ki te 30 cm te hohonu.
• Totohu Wāhanga ToruTata ki te 40 henimita te whānui mō ia wāhanga, 120-150 henimita te whānui katoa, 30-35 henimita te hōhonu.

Ehara i te mea ko te watea anake te mea nui o te whiriwhiri i te rahi tika—he mea akuaku anō hoki. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ka whakaitihia e te totohu hohonu te tauhiuhi wai mā te 30%, ā, ka noho ma tonu tō wāhi mahi.

Mō ngā ture, me whiwhi tiwhikete NSF ngā totohu kīhini arumoni hei whakaatu he haumaru mō te whakahaere kai. Me tutuki ngā rauemi i ngā paerewa ANSI mō te matotoru me te pakari. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he mea pēnei i te totohu ringaringa, i te totohu hopu hinu rānei, kia kore ai e purua. E ai ki te paerewa EN 1672-2 a te EU, kāore e taea te whai kokonga uaua ki te horoi i ngā totohu hei wāhi huna i ngā huakita.

Ngā Take Matua mō te Kōwhiri i tētahi Totohu Rūma Kaihokohoko

Mā te whiriwhiri i te totohu kīhini arumoni tika ka taea te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga me te whakaiti i ngā utu mō te wā roa. Ko te mea nui ko te paunatia o ō whiringa me te whakaaro nui.

Tīmata ki te momo me te rahi o tō wharekai. Kāore e hiahiatia he totohu kotahi te wāhanga mō ngā wāhi iti hei horoi noa. He pai ki ngā wāhi waenga te totohu takirua hei wehe i ngā mahi horoi me te horoi. He kīhini nui, he mekameka rānei? Me hiahia koe ki te totohu e toru ngā wāhanga mō te mahi horoi-horoi-whakakore katoa.

He rerekē ngā hiahia o ia whakatakotoranga—pēnei i te totohu paera mō te wāhi horoi paera, i te totohu mopi rānei mō te wāhi horoi o muri o te whare.

He mea nui te rauemi. Anei he whakamārama poto mō ngā painga me ngā huakore:

• Kowiri tira:
  • Painga: Ārai waikura, ngāwari ki te horoi, ātete ki ngā huakita.
  • Huakore: He nui ake te utu, inā koa ko ngā mea kounga teitei.
  • Pai rawa atu mō: Tata ki ngā kīhini arumoni katoa.
• Parahi:
  • Painga: He ātaahua te āhua, he whawhai ā-taiao ki ngā huakita.
  • Huakore: He māmā te whakapūkara, he nui te utu tiaki.
  • Pai rawa atu mō: Ngā wharekai papai, ngā pae inu rānei.
• Ngā Rauemi Whakakotahi:
  • Painga: Utu iti, he maha ngā momo kōwhiringa.
  • Huakore: Kāore i te tino pakari mō te whakamahinga taumaha.
  • Pai rawa atu mō: Ngā wāhi iti te tono.

Mō te maitai kore waikura, ko te 304 te mea pai mō tōna pakari, ā, ko te 316 ka whakanui ake i te ātete ki te waikura—he pai mō ngā wāhi kai moana, mō ngā taiao waikawa rānei. Ae, he 25-35% te utu nui ake mō te 316, engari he 30% te roa ake o tōna ora, ā, tera pea ka whai hua ā muri ake nei.

Whakaritea hoki te kaha o te totohu ki ngā hiahia o te wā pīrahi. Mēnā he pukumahi, he puranga pereti me ngā kohua kei roto. Anei tētahi aratohu māmā:

• Ngā Wharekai Iti (i raro i te 50 manuhiri ia rā)Totohu takirua, kotahi, iti rānei, tae atu ki te 50 rita.
• Rahi Waenga (50-150 manuhiri)Totohu takirua, 40-60 rita mō ia wāhanga.
• Nui (150+ manuhiri)Totohu e toru ngā wāhanga, 100+ rita katoa hei whakahaere i te nui o te wai.

I mua i te hoko, whakahaerehia tēnei rārangi arowhai:

• E rite ana ki te rahi me ngā hiahia o tō wharekai?
• He pakari, he parakore hoki te rauemi?
• E ōrite ana te rahi me te kaha ki tō wāhi me te wai e whakamahia ana e koe?
• Kei a koe ngā mea katoa e tika ana pērā i ngā taputapu me ngā tātari?

Ngā Tohutohu Tāutanga me te Tahora

Ko te wāhi e whakatakotoria ai tō totohu kīhini arumoni, kei runga i te rere o te mahi. He totohu kowiri tira mō ngā rihi? Whakatakotoria ki waenganui i ngā wāhi kai me te wāhi tunu kai kia ngāwari ai te tau o ngā pereti paru mai i ngā taha e rua ki reira. Ka taea e ngā kīhini nui te hanga i tētahi teihana horoi me te totohu e toru ngā wāhanga mō te horoi, te horoi me te horoi pai. Ka tata ngā totohu ringa ki ngā wāhi whakarite kai hei horoi tere i ngā ringa o ngā kaimahi kia kore ai e pangia e te poke.

Mō te akuaku, me tika te tāutanga. Me ōrite te mata—kia 2 mm/mita te tawhiti atu—ki te kore ka pupū ake te wai. Whakatakotoria te teitei o te totohu ki te 85-95 cm hei whakamarie i te ergonomic me te whakaiti i te ngenge. Mā te papa whakamuri 15 cm ka ārai i te wai mai i ngā pakitara.

Me whakamahi he hiri silicone kounga teitei hei ārai i ngā turuturu me te pokepokea ai ngā hononga i waenganui i te totohu me te pakitara. Whakawhitihia i ia 2-3 tau. Kia maroke, kia hauhautanga hoki te wāhi i raro i te totohu—ka puta he raruraru i te makuku.

He moemoeā kino te hoahoa waikeri kino. Kia tūpato ki ngā pari ngoikore, ki ngā paipa angiangi, ki ngā wāhi horoi kāore i te tika te whakanoho. Whai kia 1/50 ki te 1/100 te pari kia pai ai te rere o te wai para. Me 5 henimita te whānui o ngā paipa mō te whakamahinga arumoni.

Ngā āhuatanga matua o te rerenga wai:

• Te pari1/50-1/100
• Diameter o te Paipa Matua: 5 henemita te iti rawa
• Koki Tuke: 45° te mōrahi
• Te Wāhi Horoi: 15 mita te mōrahi

Ka whakanui ake i te pai o ngā taputapu pai. Kōwhiria ngā taputapu mahi-kaha—he pai ngā pūwero e taea te tango ki roto i ngā kīhini nui. He wera ngā taputapu pūoko ki ngā wāhi pukumahi, e penapena ana i te 30% i runga i te wai, me te pupuri i ngā mea kia ma. Ka tiakina e ngā tātari ngā paipa, ā, ka roa ake te ora; kei te rongonui ngā tātari maha-wāhanga hei tapahi i ngā paru me ngā haunga.

Mō ngā wāhi whakakore para, whakatauritea te mana ki te tauine: 3/4 hōpaika mō ngā wāhi nui, 1/2 mō ngā wāhi iti. Tirohia ngā ture ā-rohe—ka āraia e ētahi wāhi. Mēnā ka whakamahia tika, ka whakaitihia te para totoka mā te 12-18%.

He mea nui te hototahitanga. Me uru ngā miro o te taputapu ki ngā kōhao totohu, ki te kore ka turuturu koe. Whakamahia ngā hiri kounga-pro ki ngā hononga waikeri hei ārai i ngā haunga me ngā turuturu. E ai ki ngā kaihoahoa, ko te piri ki tētahi waitohu ka whakaiti i ngā āwangawanga hototahitanga mā te 80%.

Te Tiaki me te Tiaki

He mea nui te horoi i ia rā mō ngā totohu kīhini arumoni. Horoia ngā mata, tangohia ngā paru, me te patu huakita. He pakari te maitai kore waikura engari me tiaki pai. Horoia i muri i ngā haora pukumahi, ā, horoia rawatia i te mutunga o te rā. Whakamahia he horoi ngawari me ngā kakahu ngohengohe—kaua he waikura māotaota, he huruhuru maitai rānei, ka rakuraku, ka waikura rānei. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ka piki ake te mōrearea o te waikura māotaota mā te 60%.

He hoariri nui te unahi wai me te waikura. Nō ngā kohuke wai mārō te unahi, ā, he kino ake i ngā āhuarangi wera. Whakamākūkūtia ki te winika kua whakaranua; me tango ngā unahi pakari i ngā mea uaua. He āwhina te whakangawari wai—e ai ki ngā rangahau, mā te wai neke atu i te 200 mg/L te pakeke ka tere ake te hanga unahi, ā, ka whakaiti i te roa o te ora mā te 20%. Ka pā te waikura ki ngā wāhi e noho tonu ana ngā mea waikawa pērā i te wai rēmana—horoia wawetia, ka whakamahia he hinu maitai kore waikura kounga kai hei whakanui ake i te waikura mā te 30-40%.

He kino ngā ārai. Whakamahia he tātari hei hopu i ngā paru, ā, whakamahia he whākōkī koiora hei wawahi i ngā paru i ia wiki, me te kore e kino. Mena kua āraia:

1. Whakamātauria ki te taputapu ā-ringa mō ngā ārai māmā ki waenga.
2. Pūhia te 85% o ngā mea tarewa ki te mīhini horoi pēhanga.
3. Rewaia te 70% o ngā puru hinu ki te wai wera me te wai horoi kawakore.
4. Mō ngā mea kino, tōia te mahanga—kia puhoi engari kia tino mārama.

Hei whakaroa i te ora, kaua e maka ngā kohua wera ki roto—ngā pakaru ohorere o te rino. Whakawhitihia ngā hiri me ngā taputapu i ia wā, ā, tirohia mēnā he waikura, he pakaru rānei i ia toru marama. E ai ki ngā raraunga ka whakaitihia e tēnei ngā whakatikatika ohorere mā te 65%. Ngā wāhi wai mārō? Mā te tātari-mua ka tāpirihia he 25-30% ki te ora o te totohu me ngā paipa.

Te Whakatau i ngā Take Noa

Ngā turuturu

• Ngā turuturu tuituiHe hiri tawhito, he hiri kino rānei. Waruhia, horoia, kātahi ka pania anō he silicone kai-kai ki te koki 45°.
• Ngā turuturu o te waikeriNgā nati wetekina, ngā gasket kua tawhito rānei. Whakakīia, whakakapia rānei—28% o ngā turuturu ka whakatika mā te huri noa.
• Ngā pakaruPānga, ngenge rānei. Hiritia ngā mea ririki; neke atu i te 0.5 cm, 70% ka pakaru anō, nō reira whakakapia.
• Pūtake TaputapuNgā mowhiti-O tawhito, ngā nati wetekina rānei. Whakawhitihia ngā mowhiti i ia 12-18 marama hei karo i te 85% o ngā turuturu.

Ngā kakara

• Te Puranga o te WairerePara waro. Ringihia ngā whākōkī koiora, tatari mō ngā hāora 6-8, horoia ki te wai wera—kua ngaro te 95%.
• Mahanga MarokeKa puta te hau i roto i ngā totohu kāore i whakamahia. Tāpirihia te wai i ia 2-3 rā; me tāpiri te wai ki ngā wāhi maroke i ia 3-5 rā.
• Paru KapitiNgā piringa o ngā huakita. Paraihia ki te ranunga houra tunutunu, kōhua ​​rānei—99.6% te auau whakamate.

Pakaru Whakamahinga Nui

• Ngā Tautoko WetekinaWhakakīkīhia ngā pūtu; tāpirihia he tautoko mēnā kua piko kia 45-60% te kaha ake.
• Ngā karawarawaPania ngā mea māmā ki te kirīmi kowiri tira; ko ngā mea hōhonu (neke atu i te 15% te matotoru) ka ngoikore te ātete ki te waikura.
• Ngā Tapa PikoWhakatikahia ngā piko iti; neke atu i te 5% te hekenga o te āhua rerekētanga ki te 20-30% te kaha, whakawhitihia ngā wāhanga.

Te korenga o ngā tirotiro hauora

• Ngā Wāhi Wera o te HuakitaNgā taha, ngā pupūnga, ngā waikeri. Horoia hōhonu ki te patu huakita haumaru-kai—10-15 ngā wā ka nui ake te paru i ngā mata.
• Kounga WaiTāpirihia ngā tātari (waro, UV rānei) kia 98% te poke, kia 85% te poke o ngā tapanga.
• Te Whakawhiti-ParahangaMā ngā whakamahinga motuhake me ngā ārai, ngā tapanga rānei—ka whakaiti i te mōrearea mā te 60%.