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Totohu Wāhanga-3: Ngā Ture, Te Raupapa, me Ngā Hipanga
- Ka whakamahia e te wāhanga tuatahi te wai hopi mahana (110°F–120°F) hei horoi pai i ngā rīhi me te tango i ngā toenga kai.
- Ka whakamahia e te wāhanga tuarua te wai ma hei horoi i ngā hopi horoi katoa.
- Ko te wāhanga tuatoru e whakamahi ana i te otinga horoi i te kukū tika (pēnei i te otinga hauwai 50–100ppm) te wai wera rānei (≥171°F) hei horoi.
He aha te Totohu Wāhanga-3
A totohu wāhanga-toruHe teihana horoi rihi ā-ringa tēnei e wehea ana kia toru ngā peihana motuhake e taha ana. Ehara tēnei whakatakotoranga i te hoahoa whakatakotoranga matapōkere noa iho; he taputapu whai hua kua hangaia i runga i tētahi tukanga horoi kua whakamanahia e te pūtaiao.
Te Hanganga Taketake
- Te wāhanga tuatahi (Wāhi horoi):Hei horoi atu i te ngako, i te paru o te mata, me ngā matūriki kai e kitea ana.
- Wāhanga tuarua (Wāhi horoi):Hei horoi i te toenga o te hopi me te kiriata.
- Wāhanga tuatoru (Wāhi horoi):Hei whakamākūkū i ngā rihi hei patu i ngā huakita me ngā mate urutā e kore e kitea.
Ko te nuinga o ēnei whakatakotoranga he mea hanga ki te kowiri tira arumoni nā te mea kāore te rauemi e waikura, e piko, e memeha rānei i roto i te kīhini mākū, pukumahi hoki. Mā te mata whakarewa maeneene ka ārai i te paru kei mau i roto i ngā kapiti iti, ka noho māmā te tiaki, ā, ka noho tonu te kīhini ki ngā paerewa ngaio.
Ka tiaki tēnei hoahoa e toru ngā wāhanga i ō manuhiri mā te aukati i te whakawhiti-paru me te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te horapa o ngā huakita kei roto i te kai mā roto i ngā oko hiriwa ma.
Ngā Whakaritenga Ture mō ngā Totohu Wāhanga-3
Me whai ngā kīhini arumoni i te Hononga o Amerika i ngā aratohu tino pakari puta noa i ngā taumata ture maha kia angitu ai i te tirotiro:
Ngā Whakaritenga o te Ture Kai a te FDA
E whakahau ana te Ture Kai a te FDA kia toru ngā wāhanga motuhake o ngā pereti, karāhe, me ngā taputapu kīhini kua horoia ā-ringa: te horoi, te horoi, me te horoi. He mārama ngā ture matua:
- Kāore e taea e te wai o te peihana horoi te heke iho i raro i te 110°F (43.3°C).
- Me noho tonu ngā taumata horoi matū, ngā pāmahana wai wera rānei i roto i te peihana whakamutunga ki te kaha ture tuturu.
- Me whai ngā tūemi katoamaroke ā-haui runga i te whata. He takahi ture tika te whakamaroke i ngā rihi ki te tauera.
Ngā Ture Hauora ā-Rohe me ā-Rohe
He maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia e ngā kaitirotiro ā-rohe ētahi atu ture ki runga ake i te tūāpapa ā-motu. He mea noa te tono a ngā ture hauora ā-rohe kia:
- Ngā tuhinga e whai ana i ngā kukū o ngā matū horoi o ia rā.
- He tohu tohutohu tino pakari, kua whakairihia, taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa, i runga ake i ngā peihana totohu.
- Te pāmahana wai mōkito teitei ake i runga i ngā aratohu putorino ā-rohe.
I te wā e toro atu ana koe ki te tari hauora, ka tirohia tuatahitia e ngā kaitirotiro te whakaritenga o tō totohu. Ki te kore e tutuki i ēnei paerewa, ka taea te tango i ngā tohu i te wā tonu, te whaina nui, te whakamutu rānei i ngā mahi mō te wā poto.
Te raupapa horoi tika
Me mahi koe i te rārangi i runga i te raupapa—mai i te maui ki te matau, i runga i te āhua o te tāutanga o ō paipa wai. Mā te peke i tētahi peihana ka whakangaro i te matū o te pūnaha katoa.
1. Wāhanga Tuatahi: Wāhi Horoi
- Whakakīia te peihana ki te wai wera i waenga i te 43.3°C ki te 48.9°C (110°F me te 120°F).
- Whakaranua ki te hopi rihi arumoni kia puta rā anō he ranunga matotoru, he rite ki te hopi.
- Horoia rawatia ngā mea katoa ki te paraihe ma, ki te paraihe matotoru rānei.
- Waruhia atu ngā hinu me ngā toenga kai katoa e piri ana.
He aha i hiranga ai:Kāore e taea e ngā wai horoi te uru ki roto i te hinu matotoru, ki te kiriata kai rānei. Ki te waiho e koe he paru totoka ki runga i te pereti, kāore e mahi te kaukau matū i te taahiraa tuatoru, ka huri tō wai ma hei wāhi whakatipu huakita.
2. Wāhanga Tuarua: Wāhi Horoi
- Whakakīia te peihana ki te wai mā, kia mau tonu te pāmahana ki te 110°F (43.3°C).
- Rukuhia ngā rihi hopi ki raro i te wai kia tino mārō.
- Horoia ngā mirumiru hopi katoa ka pania ki te kiriata i mua i te tango atu.
He aha i hiranga ai:Ka haria te paru e ngā mirumiru hopi toenga ki runga i te rihi. Ko te mea kino rawa atu, he kawakore te hopi rihi; ki te haria ki roto i te peihana tuatoru, ka whakarerekētia te taumata pH, ā, ka whakakorea te matū horoi.
3. Wāhanga Tuatoru: Wāhi Horoi
Ka taea e koe te horoi i ō taputapu kīhini mā te whakamahi i tētahi o ngā tikanga e rua kua whakaaetia:
Tikanga A: Te horoi i te wai wera
- Me noho tonu te pāmahana o te wai ki te pāmahana kotahi, ki runga ake rānei171°F (77.2°C).
- Puritia kia tino rumakina ngā taonga ki roto i te wai mō te iti rawa30 hēkona.
Tikanga B: Te horoi matū
- Whakaranua he matū arumoni kua whakaaetia (pēnei i te wai mākū chlorine) ki roto i te wai.
- Whāia ngā tohutohu kei roto i te takai kia eke ki te ōwehenga matū tika.
- Waiho ngā rihi kia noho i raro i te wai mō te wā e hiahiatia ana (i te nuinga o te wā1 ki te 2 meneti).
He aha i hiranga ai:Koinei te taahiraa whakamutunga hei ārai i te paihana kai. Ka patua e ia ngā rauropi moroiti e toe ana i te hopi me te horoi noa.
Aratohu Taipitopito mō te Hipanga-i-te-Taumata
Te whakarite
- Ringihia rawatia te wai o ngā peihana e toru, ka horoia ngā totohu kau.
- Kohikohia ō taputapu horoi: te hopi horoi rihi, te wai horoi kua whakaaetia, ngā rīpene whakamātautau matū, he inemahana pono, he papa horoi hou, me te taima.
- Tirohia mēnā he mārama ngā waikeri o te papa me ngā putunga wai.
- Waruhia ngā toenga kai nunui me ngā toenga kai tika ki roto i te paru i mua i te whakamakuku i ngā pereti.
Ngā Aratohu mō te Pāmahana Wai me te Horoi Wai
| Puna wai | Te pāmahana ūnga | Te Kukū Matū / Hōpī |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Horoi | 110°F–120°F (43.3°C–48.9°C) | Whāia ngā tohutohu i runga i te tapanga (1 auneke ia karani te nuinga) |
| 2. Horoi | ~110°F (43.3°C) | Wai parakore, wai mā (whakakapia ina pōuri te rangi) |
| 3. Horoi (Wai Wera) | Neke atu i te 171°F (77.2°C) | Kāore he matū e hiahiatia ana |
| 3. Horoi (Hōroine) | 75°F–120°F (24°C–49°C) | 50–100 ppm |
| 3. Horoi (Aiodine) | 75°F–120°F (24°C–49°C) | 12.5–25 ppm |
| 3. Horoi (Quat Ammo) | Whāia ngā aratohu a te kaihanga | I te nuinga o te wā 200–400 ppm |
Ngā Wā Ruku Iti Rawa
1. Te ruku wai wera:30 hēkona te iti rawa.
Puritia ngā rihi kia tino makuku i raro i te wai i te 171°F, neke atu rānei. Whakamahia he whata, he kete rānei hei ārai i te wera o ō ringaringa.
2. Wairewa mākū-hauora:Te iti rawa 7 ki te 10 hēkona.
Ruia mō te iti rawa 7 hēkona kia whiwhi ai i te ranunga 50 ppm, 10 hēkona rānei mēnā kei waenga i te 50 me te 100 ppm te nui o te wai.
3. Wairewa iodine:30 hēkona te iti rawa.
Tōia katoatia ngā mea ki roto i te kaukau taurite o te 12.5–25 ppm.
4. Āmonia Quaternary (Quat):30 hēkona te iti rawa.
Puritia ngā taonga i raro i te mata mō te iti rawa 30 hēkona, me whai rānei i te wā kua tohua ki runga i te pounamu.
Te Tukanga Whakamaroke
Whakatakotoria ngā taputapu kīhini kua horoia ki runga i ngā papa waikeri maitai kore waikura kia maroke noa i te hau. Kaua rawa e whakamahi i te kakahu, i te tauera rānei hei whakamaroke. Ka mau te makuku i ngā tauera kīhini, ka horahia hoki ngā huakita mai i tētahi pereti ki tētahi atu, ā, ka pakaru tonu te tukanga horoi. Nā te mea he ātete ngā papa waikeri maitai kore waikura ki te waikura matū, ka taea e rātou te tu atu ki te pa tonu ki ngā waikeri taumaha me te kore e pakaru.
Ngā Hapa Noa me ngā Whakatikatika Tere
Te Mōrearea o te Whakahohoro i te Mahi
Ina pukumahi te kīhini, ka tere ake te mahi a ngā kaimahi mā te peke i te peihana horoi waenga, te tango rānei i ngā rihi mai i te wai horoi i te wā tere rawa. Ka puta he raruraru nui i tēnei ara poto:
- Ka ngoikore te matū horoi i te toenga hopi rihi, ā, kāore he hua o te horoinga whakamutunga.
- Ka ora ngā huakita i te wā poto e mimiti ana, ā, ka tere te tipu i roto i ngā ipu rokiroki ka taea te whakarārangi.
- Ka piki ake te mōrearea o te kai poke, ka pā mai pea ngā urutā kai.
Te Whakatika:Tuhia ngā ture whakahaere mārama, taketake, whakangungua ia mema o te tīma kīhini, ā, whakahaerea he tirotiro tere i ngā wā mahi pukumahi.
Te Ngaro i te Tohu mō te Pāmahana me te Ranunga Matū
Ki te hē te pāmahana wai, te ōwehenga matū rānei, ka kore e eke te huringa horoi katoa:
- Wai matao:Ka waiho he hinu matotoru e piri ana ki ngā pereti, ā, ka kore e mahi ngā taputapu horoi.
- Te wai horoi e koropupū ana:Ka tunua tika ngā pūmua me ngā toenga hua manu ki runga i te mata o te rihi, kia uaua ake ai te horoi atu.
- Ranunga matū ngoikore:Kāore e taea te patu i ngā iroriki kino.
- Ranunga matū kaha:Ka waiho he kiriata matū ki runga i ngā pereti, ka taea ai e ēnei te whakamāuiui i ngā kaihoko.
Te Whakatika:Kia mau ki tētahi inemahana e mahi ana me tētahi ipu hou kei roto ngā rīpene whakamātautau matū i te taha o te totohu kia taea ai e ngā kaimahi te tirotiro i te wai i ia wā ka whakakīia anō ngā peihana.
Te Whakawhitiwhiti-Parutanga Tukinga
Ka taea e ngā whanonga kino te hora i ngā huakita ki runga i ngā taonga i horoia e koe:
- Te waiho i te wai pouri, hinuhinu i roto i te peihana horoi, me te kore e whakakapia.
- Te whakaranu i ngā maripi mīti mata me ngā kokopi tunu kai kua tunua i roto i te peihana kotahi.
- Te whakarārangi i ngā peihana kua horoia ki runga i tētahi kaunta kāore i horoia, i tētahi papa wai paru rānei.
Te Whakatika:Ringihia te wai, ka whakakīia anō ngā peihana ina āhua pōuri, hinuhinu rānei te wai. Horoia ngā taputapu mata i roto i ngā puranga motuhake, ā, horoia ngā papa waikeri taha i te roanga o te rā.
Te Whakangungu, te Aroturuki, me ngā Mahi Pepa
Rārangi Arowhai Whakangungu Kaimahi
Me mātau ngā kaimahi tunu kai me ngā kaimahi horoi rihi hou ki ēnei pūkenga matua i mua i te mahi kore tirotiro:
- Ko te pūtaiao taketake mō te horoi, te horoi, me te whakahoromata i ngā mea kia rite ki te raupapa.
- Me pēhea te pānui i te inemahana o te kīhini me te whakamahi tika i ngā rīpene whakamātautau matū.
- Me pēhea te whakahaere me te whakaranu i ngā matū horoi arumoni ki te haumaru.
- Me pēhea te kite me te whakatika i tētahi peihana paru, i tētahi ranunga matū ngoikore rānei.
Me whakaoti e ngā kaimahi hou o te kīhini te tukanga horoi katoa e toru ngā taahiraa, kia toru ngā wā i raro i te tirotiro tika i mua i te horoi i ngā rīhi e rātou anō.
Te Hanga i tētahi Pūnaha Kaitirotiro
- Whakaritea he mema o te tīma mātau, he kaiārahi rānei mō te mahi kihini hei tirotiro i te teihana rihi.
- Whakairihia he rārangi arowhai māmā mō ia rā ki te taha tonu o ngā taputapu paipa wai.
- Whakahaerehia ngā tirotiro ohorere mō te āhua o te wai i ngā hāora pīrahi o te ratonga.
- Whakatikahia ngā tikanga horoi kino i mua tonu i te hurihanga hei tikanga tūturu.
Ngā Rārangi Kīhini e Hiahiatia ana
Mā te pupuri i ngā rātaka tika ka kitea e te tari hauora he mea nui ki tō kīhini te haumaru kai. Kia tino tirohia e tō rōpū:
- Ngā pānui pāmahana me te kukū matū o ia rā mō ia huringa.
- Ngā pepa whakangungu kua hainatia mō ia mema o tō rōpū kīhini.
- Ngā tuhipoka tirotiro taputapu me ngā rā whakatikatika inemahana.
- He tuhinga mō ngā raruraru ture hauora me ngā kōrero mō te whakatika i aua raruraru.
Ngā Pātai Auau
1. Me pēhea mēnā kāore he totohu e toru ngā wāhanga i roto i taku kīhini?
Mena kei te whakahaere koe i tētahi toa tunu kai iti, i tētahi taraka kai nekeneke rānei, he iti noa te wāhi, ka taea e koe te rapu i ētahi atu kōwhiringa:
- He totohu kawe motuhake, kiato, e toru ngā wāhanga, me ngā tāke wai kua hangaia ki roto.
- He totohu iti kotahi e honoa ana ki te mīhini horoi rihi arumoni.
- He mīhini horoi rihi arumoni motuhake i hangaia hei whakahaere i ngā huringa horoi wera nui.
Ahakoa te kōwhiringa e whiriwhiria e koe mō tō wāhi, me horoi tonu ngā taputapu katoa i roto i tō tukanga horoi kia pai ai te tirotiro.
2. Mīhini Horoi Rīhi Arumoni vs. Totohu Wāhanga-toru
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngātahitia ngā kōwhiringa e rua e tētahi kīhini arumoni taurite hei whakahaere i ngā mahi horoi rerekē.
| Āhuatanga | Mīhini Horoi Rīhi Arumoni | Totohu Wāhanga-3 |
|---|---|---|
| Tere me te Oro | Tere tere; ka tere te whakahaere i ngā puranga nui o ngā pereti paerewa. | Tere ā-ringa; kei runga i te tere o te horoi a te kaimahi. |
| Kounga o te Parakuihi | Tino ōrite; ka whakamahia ngā taima pāmahana aunoa. | E whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaiwhakahaere e tirotiro ā-ringa ana i ngā ranunga matū. |
| Ngā Utu o Mua | Te utu nui i te tīmatanga, te tāutanga o ngā paipa wai, me ngā utu whakatika. | He iti ake te utu i mua; he māmā noa te tāutanga o ngā paipa wai. |
| Ngā momo mahi | He iti nei te rahi o te whata; kāore e uru ki ngā kohua nunui, ki ngā āhua rerekē rānei. | Ngā peihana tuwhera; ka uru ngāwari ki ngā paraharaha pepa nui me ngā peihana whakaranu. |
| Te tiaki | Ngā wāhanga mīhini uaua e hiahia ana kia whakatikatikahia e te tohunga. | He hanganga maitai kore waikura māmā; kāore e tino pakaru. |
3. Ko tēhea matū horoi paitini me whiriwhiri e au
- Mā te wai māota:He utu iti, ā, he tere te patu i te tini o ngā huakita, engari he kakara matū kaha, ā, ka taea e ia te waikura i ngā peihana whakarewa i roto i te wā mēnā he kaha rawa te whakaranu.
- Ngā otinga iodine:He ngawari ki ngā ringaringa, ā, he pai te mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga wai rerekē, engari ka taea e ia te whakapoke i ngā pereti kirihou māmā, ā, he nui ake te utu i te mā te wai.
- Āmoniuma Kuaterana (Kuata):Kore kakara, kāore e waikura ki ngā peihana kowiri tira, ā, ka noho kaha tonu i roto i te wai mahana, engari kāore e patu i ētahi momo huakita kia rite te whai huatanga ki te hauwai.
I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ō matū, whakaarohia te tahua o tō kīhini, ngā momo rihi e whakamahia ana e koe, me te āhua o te wai o tō rohe. Me whai tonu i ngā tohutohu whakaranu kei muri o te pounamu.
