Te pāmahana wai totohu wāhanga e toru: Ngā whakaritenga horoi, horoi, me te whakamāori

Ka hutia e te kaitirotiro hauora he inemahana tirotiro ki tō totohu wāhanga-toru hei tirotiro i te mea tuatahi: te pāmahana o te wai. Ki te kore e tutuki te tohu i roto i tētahi o ngā wāhanga e toru, ka kore te huringa horoi katoa e mahi. Ka waiho tō mahi kia tūpono ki te tango i ngā tohu, ki te whaina, ki te kati rānei mō te wā poto. Kei roto i tēnei aratohu ngā whakamārama mō ngā pāmahana horoi, horoi, me te horoi pai e hiahiatia ana e te Ture Kai a te FDA me ngā ture hauora ā-rohe.

Te Tirohanga Poto ki te Ture Pāmahana

Wāhanga Horoi: Te pāmahana iti rawa 110°F

E whakatakoto ana te Ture Kai a te FDA i te 110°F (43°C) hei pāmahana iti rawa mō te peihana tuatahi o te totohu wāhanga-toru. He papa taua tau, ehara i te ūnga. Me pupuri e ngā kaiwhakahaere he awhe mahi mai i te 110°F ki te 120°F.

I raro iho i te 110°F, ka totoka ngā ngako kararehe ki runga i ngā mata o te rihi. Ka whakapakeke te hinu hei kiriata e kore e taea te tango katoa mā te horoi, ā, ka āraihia e taua toenga ngā matū horoi mai i te taenga atu ki ngā huakita i te wāhanga whakamutunga. Ko te mutunga mai he whakaritenga whakawhiti-paru: he pereti he āhua ma engari he kawe i ngā mate pukupuku ora ki te whakamahi.

I runga ake i te 120°F, ka rewa ngā pūmua pēnei i te hua manu me te miraka ki runga i te rihi, ka piri ngā mea totoka ki te mata, ā, ka uaua ake te tango. Ka puta hoki i aua pāmahana he āwangawanga mō te haumaru o ngā kaimahi i te wā e horoi ana i ngā rihi me te pa atu ki a rātou.

Ko te whāinga mahi ko te 112°F ki te 118°F. He nui te wera o taua awhe kia taea ai e ngā hopi te whakahohe me te noho wai o ngā hinu, engari he ngāwari hoki mō te whakamahi ā-ringa tonu.

Me pēhea te aroturuki i te pāmahana wai horoi i te wā e mahi ana

• Whakatikatikahia ngā inemahana ia wiki. Whakamahia he tikanga ira-hukapapa (32°F / 0°C) hei manatoko i te tika o te ine i mua i te ine i ngā peihana wera.
• Tirohia i ia 60 meneti. Whakamahia he inemahana matihiko ārai-wai i te wā e mahi ana. Ehara i te mea he ine pono te pā noa.
• Whakakapia te wai ki ngā pūwero e rua. Ringihia te wai, ka whakakī anō ina heke te pāmahana ki raro iho i te 110°F, ina kitea rānei he kapua, he hinuhinu rānei te wai. Me mahi i runga i te mea e puta tuatahi mai ana.

Mō ētahi atu kōrero mō ngā mea e tirohia ana e ngā kaitirotiro i tō teihana rihi, tirohiame pēhea te manatoko a ngā kaitirotiro hauora i ngā pāmahana horoi me te whakapūmau i te paru i te papaanga.

Wāhanga Horoi: 110°F Wai Ma

Ehara te wāhanga tuarua o te totohu wāhanga e toru i te horoinga tuarua. Ko tana mahi he tango matū: he horoi i ngā toenga hopi kawakore mai i ngā rihi i mua i te urunga ki roto i te kaukau horoi.

He kawakore ngā hopi rihi arumoni. Ahakoa he iti noa te kiriata hopi e haria ana ki roto i te wāhanga tuatoru, ka piki ake te pH o tō wai horoi. Ka ngaro te whai huatanga o te hopi horoi hauota 50 ppm ina piki ake te pH ki runga ake i te 8.0. He nui ake te aro o ngā hopi horoi quat ki te pokanoa pH.

Mā te pupuri i te pāmahana 110°F i roto i te peihana horoi ka wairewa, ka nekeneke hoki ngā ngota surfactant. Ka whakapūmau te wai matao i ngā ngota hopi ki runga i ngā mata maeneene, ka waiho he toenga kapua e kore e kitea e te kanohi engari ka kitea e ngā whakamātautau ūkui ATP. Me rumaki katoa ngā rihi e ngā kaimahi, ā, me whakaū kāore he mirumiru hopi e toe ana i mua i te neke i ngā taonga ki te teihana horoi.

Whakakapia te wai horoi i ia rua hāora, i mua atu rānei mēnā he kapua, he pahuka rānei te peihana. Mō tētahi whakamārama taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa ote raupapa horoi katoa mai i te waru ki te whakamaroke i te hau, tirohia te aratohu tikanga hoa.

Whakamaarama i te Wāhanga: Wai Wera me te Matū

Ko te tuatoru o ngā peihana o tō totohu wāhanga-toru te taahiraa whakamutunga mō te whakamate. E rua ngā tikanga ture kei raro i te Ture Kai a te FDA, ā, he rerekē rawa ngā whakaritenga pāmahana mō ēnei.

Te Whakamaarama 171-Tohu: Ina Tika te Wai Wera

Ko te horoi i te wai wera i te 171°F (77°C) me noho tonu ngā rihi ki roto i te wai mō te iti rawa o te 30 hēkona. Ka uru te wera ki roto i ngā kapiti o te mata, kāore e waiho he tohu matū, he haunga rānei, he painga tūturu tēnei mō ngā mahi e mahi ana ki ngā taupori ngoikore pēnei i ngā kainoho whare tiaki, ngā tūroro hōhipera, ngā tamariki nohinohi rānei.

Ko te ngoikoretanga he miihini. Ka tukuna te wai e ngā whakamahana wai arumoni paerewa i te 120°F ki te 140°F. Me whakamahi he whakamahana whakanui, he tahu hau rānei i raro i te wāhanga hei whakatutuki me te pupuri i te 171°F i roto i tētahi peihana maitai kore waikura tuwhera. Me whakamahi ngā kaimahi i ngā kete waea hei whakaheke me te tiki haumaru i ngā rihi, ā, ka nui ake te ngenge i te wera nui o te taiao i ngā wā roa o te mahi. He pono te tikanga mō ngā mahi nui me ngā taputapu tika. Mō ngā kīhini iti ake, he maha ngā wā ka akiakihia te whakatau ki te horoi matū nā te utu o ngā hanganga.

Matū Horoi: Te Whakamahi Tika i te ppm

Ko te horoi matū te mea e tino whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kīhini arumoni nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia he hanganga wai wera nui. Ko te tuatoru o ngā peihana kei te 75°F ki te 120°F, ā, ko te tere whakamate e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kukū matū kaua ki te pāmahana.

Me whakamātautau ngā kaimahi i te nui o te chlorine ppm me ētahi atu kukū wai horoi tinana me ngā rīpene whakamātautau e tika ana i ia huringa mahi. Ko ngā kōwhiringa matū e toru kua whakaaetia i raro i te FDA Food Code ko:

1. Mā te wai māotaKia mau tonu te 50 ki te 100 ppm te haukini. Ko te wā whakapā iti rawa he 7 hēkona i te 50 ppm, 10 hēkona rānei i te 50 ki te 100 ppm. He whai hua, he iti hoki te utu, engari ka waikura ki ētahi mata whakarewa i te roanga o te wā.
2. Āmonia whā-tau (Quat)Kia mau ki te 200 ki te 400 ppm. Ko te wā pa atu he 30 hēkona. Kāore e waikura ki te maitai kore waikura, kāore he kakara, ā, he pai mō ngā mata ka pa ki te kai.
3. Wairewa iodineKia mau ki te 12.5 ki te 25 ppm. Ko te wā pa iti rawa he 30 hēkona. He ngawari ake ki ngā ringaringa engari ka taea te whakakore i te tae o ngā kirihou mārama.

E rua ngā hapa kukū he rite tonu te raruraru. Kāore te otinga i raro i te ppm iti rawa e eke ki te reiti whakamate e hiahiatia ana e te waehere hauora. Ko te otinga i runga ake i te ppm mōrahi ka waiho ngā toenga matū ki runga i ngā pereti ka poke i te kai me te mate, koinei te hua tuturu e tika ana kia āraihia e te taahiraa horoi.

Ngā Rerekētanga o te Waehere ā-Rohe me te Waehere ā-Rohe

Ko te Ture Kai a te FDA he tauira paerewa. Ka tangohia, ka whakatikatikaina hoki e ngā tari hauora ā-rohe me ā-motu, ko te tikanga e toru ngā totohu wāhanga i roto i ngā mana whakahaere rerekē e whakahaerehia ana i raro i ngā ture whakahaere rerekē.

He maha ngā tari hauora ā-rohe i California me Texas i whakatakoto i te pāmahana horoi iti rawa o te 120°F, kaua ki te paerewa ā-motu o te 110°F. Ko ētahi ture ā-rohe e hiahia ana kia whakairihia e ngā kaiwhakahaere he rārangi pāmahana tuhituhi ki te taha o ā rātou totohu. Ko ētahi e whakahau ana kia noho ngā rīpene whakamātautau matū mai i te huringa o nāianei ki runga i te kaute i ngā hāora tirotiro.

Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te tauira ture ā-motu me te whakatinanatanga ā-rohe ka hanga he mōrearea tūturu mō ngā kaiwhakahaere e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā aratohu ā-motu anake. I mua i tō whakahoutanga whakaaetanga e whai ake nei, i tō tirotiro ohorere rānei, whakaūhia ngā whakaritenga pāmahana horoi, horoi, me te horoi motuhake e whakatinanahia ana e tō āpiha hauora taiao ā-rohe. Whakapā atu ki tō tari hauora ā-rohe, ka pātai atu mō tā rātou maramataka pāmahana horoi taonga o nāianei.

Te pupuri i ngā pāmahana i te wā o te nekehanga

Kāore e ranea ngā tirotiro pāmahana tuwhera. Ka ngaro tonu te wera o te wai i roto i ngā peihana tuwhera, inā koa ka rumakina ngā rīhi, ngā kohua, me ngā taputapu whakamatao ki roto i te wai. Ko te tuatoru o ngā wāhanga e pānui ana i te 171°F i te 10 i te ata ka noho pea ki te 155°F i te 12:30 i te poutumarotanga me te kore e kitea e tetahi.

Te Kaupapa Whakawhiti Wai Paerewa

Whakawhitihia ngā wāhanga e toru i runga i tētahi wātaka pumau i ia rua ki te whā hāora, i taua wā tonu rānei ina:

• Ka kitea te kapua, te hinuhinu, te tae rānei o te wai horoi.
• Ka puta te pahuka, te kiriata hopi rānei i runga i te mata o te wai horoi.
• Ka pānui te inemahana tirotiro i te pāmahana kei raro iho i te pāmahana mōrahi i roto i tētahi peihana.
• E whakaatu ana ngā rīpene whakamātautau kua heke te kukū o te horoi i raro i te ppm iti rawa.

Tauira Rārangi Pāmahana (Tohutoro Tere)

Whakapiria tēnei poro rākau ki runga ake i tō totohu e toru ngā wāhanga. Me haina e ngā kaiwhakahaere kīhini ia whakaurunga o ia huringa i mua i te tīmatanga o te ratonga.

He tono auau tā ngā kaitirotiro hauora mō tēnei rārangi mahi. Mēnā he āputa i roto i te rārangi mahi, inā koa mō ngā huringa mahi, ngā wā kai nui rānei, ka tirohia i te wā e tirotirohia ana. Mā te rārangi mahi katoa, kāore i whati, ka kitea te whakahaere mahi kaha, ehara i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.

Ngā Taputapu e Pupuri ana i te Wera

Ka pā tika te kounga me te ine o tō totohu ki te tere o te hekenga o te pāmahana wai i waenga i ngā kawenga rihi. Ko te totohu wāhanga maitai kore waikura i hangaia mai i te maitai kore waikura 16-ira (1.5 mm) taumaha ake rānei, he roa ake te pupuri i te wera i ngā waeine 20-ira angiangi. Mā ngā peihana hohonu me ngā pakitara taha poutū teitei-katoa ka whakaitihia te horahanga o te mata e pāngia ana e te hau o te kīhini, ka puhoi te ngaronga o te wera.

I te wā e tohua ana ngā taputapu, hoatu he hohonutanga iti rawa o ia wāhanga ki te 14 inihi me te rahinga o roto o te peihana e rite ana ki tō tau taupoki nui. Ka akiakihia ngā kaimahi e ngā peihana pāpaku ki te ruku i ngā kohua nui i te koki, ka aukati i te wā e pā ana ki te ruku katoa, ā, ka whakakorea te taahiraa horoi. Ko tā mātou whānuitanga o ngātotohu wāhanga arumonikei roto ko ngā whirihoranga hōhonu ritenga kia rite ki ngā tahora paipa o te kīhini arumoni me ngā whakaritenga waehere ā-rohe.

Whakapirihia te tūtohi pāmahana ki runga ake i tō totohu, whakaotia te rārangi i ia huringa, ā, manatokohia te ppm o te horoi horoi ki ngā rīpene whakamātautau i mua i ia wā ratonga. Mō ngā totohu wāhanga maitai kore waikura, he rahi ritenga, he taumaha te ine, e rite ana ki ngā whakaritenga paipa me te rōrahi o tō kīhini, tukuna mai ō tuhi tahora mā teHoapā Xinhe.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te pāmahana e tika ana mō te totohu e toru ngā wāhanga?

Me whakamahi te wai i te 110°F (43°C) mō te horoi o te totohu wāhanga-toru, ā, me whakamahi anō hoki te peihana horoi i te 110°F, neke atu rānei. Me whakamahi te peihana horoi i te 171°F (77°C) mō te horoinga wai wera me te rumaki 30-hekona, i te 75°F ki te 120°F (24°C ki te 49°C) rānei mō te horoinga matū i te kukū ppm tika.

Kia pēhea te wera o te wai horoi?

Mō te horoi i te wai wera, me eke te wai ki te 171°F (77°C) neke atu rānei, ā, me noho tonu ngā rihi ki roto i te wai mō te 30 hēkona katoa. Mō te horoi matū, ka noho te pāmahana o te wai i muri i te kukū matū. Kia mau te wai i waenga i te 75°F me te 120°F, kātahi ka whakamahia ngā rīpene whakamātautau i ia huringa nekehanga hei whakaū i te taumata o te horoi matū ppm i roto i te awhe ture mō tō matū motuhake.